A novel adaptive convolutional neural network for fault diagnosis of hydraulic piston pump with acoustic images

As an essential part of hydraulic transmission systems, hydraulic piston pumps have a significant role in many state-of-the-art industries. Thus, it is important to implement accurate and effective fault diagnosis of hydraulic piston pumps. Owing to the heavy reliance of shallow machine learning models on the expertise and experience of engineers, fault diagnosis based on deep models has attracted significant attention from academia and industry. To construct a deep model with good performance, it is necessary and challenging to tune the hyperparameters (HPs). Since many existing methods focus on manual tuning and use common search algorithms, it is meaningful to explore more intelligent algorithms that can automatically optimize the HPs. In this paper, Bayesian optimization (BO) is employed for adaptive HP learning, and an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) is established for fault feature extraction and classification in a hydraulic piston pump. First, acoustic signals are transformed into time–frequency distributions by a continuous wavelet transform. Second, a preliminary CNN model is built by setting initial HPs. The range of each HP to be optimized is identified. Third, BO is employed to select the optimal combination of HPs. An improved model called CNN-BO is constructed. Finally, the diagnostic efficiency of CNN-BO is analyzed using a confusion matrix and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. The classification performance of different models is compared. It is found that CNN-BO has a higher accuracy and better robustness in fault diagnosis for a hydraulic piston pump. This research will provide a basis for ensuring the reliability and safety of the hydraulic pump.     

Synthesis of chemically controllable and electrically tunable graphene films by simultaneously fluorinating and reducing graphene oxide

Fluorine and oxygen co-doped graphene with controllable element coverage was effectively synthesized through simultaneously fluorinating and reducing graphene oxide by pyrolysis of fluorinated graphite. Morphology investigation indicates that the doped graphene is of few-layered thickness, and the prepared films exhibit layered structure through cross-section. Chemical composition analysis confirms that fluorine has been grafted onto graphene scaffold through CF covalent bond, and the doping level can be readily manipulated just by adjusting the reaction temperature. The structural changes of graphene induced by the controllable doping thus facilitate the tunable electrical property, which can be tuned over several orders of magnitude. These results indicate our method is not only potentially useful to tailor the chemical surface and electronic structure of graphene, but also can find applications in novel electronic devices based on graphene co-doped with different dopants.     

冷挤压对高合金化7000系铝合金抗腐蚀性能的影响

研究了经固溶-时效和固溶-冷挤压-时效处理的高合金化Al-12.3Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu-0.18Zr-0.07Sr铝合金的微观组织与抗腐蚀性能。结果表明:固溶-时效和固溶-冷挤压-时效状态下高合金化铝合金的晶粒都呈现明显的带状分布,但固溶-冷挤压-时效状态下合金内部亚晶比例明显上升;相比固溶-时效,固溶-冷挤压-时效状态下高合金化铝合金的抗腐蚀性能(剥落腐蚀和晶间腐蚀)有明显的提高,可见冷挤压变形是提高7000系铝合金腐蚀性能的有效手段。     

激光能量密度对激光熔覆NiCoCrAlY涂层组织与性能的影响

为探究激光熔覆过程中能量密度对NiCoCrAlY涂层组织与性能的影响,在304不锈钢表面制备了NiCoCrAlY涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜分析了NiCoCrAlY涂层的相组成和微观组织。通过显微维氏硬度计和往复摩擦磨损试验机研究了NiCoCrAlY涂层的硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明：NiCoCrAlY涂层气孔数量随激光能量密度增大而减少,熔深和熔高随激光能量密度增大而增大,当激光能量密度为3.8 kJ/cm²时涂层稀释率最低,同时气孔数量较少。NiCoCrAlY涂层中包含γ/γ′相和β相,微观结构以柱状晶为主,随着激光能量密度的增大,β相含量升高,柱状晶变大。不同激光能量密度下NiCoCrAlY涂层硬度均高于基体,当激光能量密度为3.8 kJ/cm²时 涂层硬度最高,为301 HV_0.2. 在往复摩擦磨损实验中,当激光能量密度为3.8 kJ/cm²时 NiCoCrAlY涂层摩擦系数最小为0.46,磨损体积最少为0.235 9 mm³,磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损,耐磨性能最好。     

Fire safety of composites in the US Navy

Composite materials for marine applications offer the benefit of weight savings, corrosion resistance, and reduced life-cycle costs. The composite structures used in marine applications tend to be large, complex, and thick. As such, the use of low-temperature non-autoclave cure resins is desirable. The US Navy is presently using fire-retardant (brominated) vinyl-ester resin for some topside composite structures. These composites are produced by the vacuum-assisted resin transfer method. Brominated vinyl-ester resin generates dense heavy smoke with high yields of carbon monoxide. Acid gases such as hydrogen bromide are also produced. Several alternative resins with and without non-halogenated fire retardants have recently been evaluated by the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division in small-scale fire test methods. These included cone calorimeter testing at three different fluxes of 25, 50, and 75 kW m⁻². The summary of results, including smoke production rate and carbon monoxide yield, is presented for various vinyl-ester resins with and without additives. Brominated epoxy vinyl ester marked #1168 exhibited lower heat release rates but significantly higher smoke generation and CO yield than non-brominated vinyl esters. Of the additives studied, aluminum trihydrate (15 phr, #1196) shows a 20 and 25% decrease in peak heat release rates, 24 and 13% decrease in average heat release rates, and 27 and 24% decrease in average mass loss rates at radiant heat fluxes of 50 and 75 kW m⁻², respectively.     

强流脉冲电子束作用下CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金微观结构变化与耐蚀性能研究

目的 提高CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)辐照非等原子比CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金(HEA)表面。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了辐照表面的微观结构和腐蚀形貌。利用CHI760C电化学工作站，在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中，研究HCPEB辐照处理前后合金的抗腐蚀性能。结果 XRD分析表明，辐照样品表面发生了明显的取向变化，在(200)晶面上表现出择优取向。微观结构观察表明，在HCPEB辐照后，合金表面发生重熔，形成熔坑和厚度约为3~5 μm的致密重熔层。随着脉冲数量的增加，凹坑的密度和尺寸明显减小。此外，HCPEB处理消除了烧结合金中的孔隙和成分偏析，实现了组织和成分的均匀化。动电位极化曲线表明，与烧结样品相比，辐照样品在3.5%（质量分数）的NaCl溶液中具有更正的腐蚀电位和更低的腐蚀电流密度。Nyquist和Bode图的结果表明，在HCPEB辐照后，样品表面具有良好的电容行为和耐腐蚀性，其中辐照次数为30次时，样品的耐腐蚀性能最好。结论 HCPEB消除了烧结合金表面的组织缺陷，促使表面的元素分布更加均匀，进而提高了CrFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Experimental investigation on surface quality in ultrasonic-assisted honing of 304 stainless steel

Honing is a surface finishing technology, which plays an important role in improving the surface quality and working performance of workpieces. However, with the extensive application of hard-to-machine materials and the increasing requirement for the surface properties of workpieces, the performance of conventional honing (CH) is becoming more and more difficult to meet the production needs. The ultrasonic vibration provides a way to overcome the technological constraints of CH and improve the machined surface properties. To realise the ultrasonic vibration of honing stone, a slotted block horn was used as a vibration transmission component and a supporting component of honing stone in this study. Finite element method was used to analyse and optimise the block horn to improve the uniformity of the amplitude on the output surface, to provide stable and efficient vibration for the honing stone. In this study, the effects of processing parameters on surface roughness in CH and ultrasonic-assisted honing (UAH) of stainless steel SUS304 were studied. The results indicated that the application of ultrasonic vibration in honing made a significant contribution to the formation of a dense punctiform morphology and reduction of the defects of the workpiece surface. Moreover, interactions between ultrasonic vibration, speed of revolution, and honing time in UAH make the changes of surface roughness much different from the CH. On the whole, for UAH, it is a feasible approach to improve the surface roughness by using a smaller amplitude, increasing the speed of revolution appropriately, and extending honing time.     

GH80A经强流脉冲电子束改性后的高温氧化行为研究

目的 提高燃气轮机叶片材料镍基高温合金GH80A的抗高温氧化性能。方法 利用强流脉冲电子束（High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam, HCPEB）技术对GH80A合金进行表面处理。研究HCPEB辐照前后GH80A的微观结构变化及在850 ℃恒温氧化后的氧化动力学行为及氧化机制。利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对HCPEB诱发的微观结构和氧化产物进行了表征。结果 HCPEB辐照后,GH80A合金表面发生熔化,形成厚约3 μm的重熔层,重熔层内形成大量的位错滑移,且晶粒明显得到细化。850 ℃高温氧化实验结果表明,氧化100 h后,原始样品氧化增重最大,生成的氧化膜较厚,且存在大量裂纹,所生成的Cr2O3发生了挥发,导致氧化膜疏松多孔,基体发生了严重的内氧化。HCPEB辐照20次后,样品氧化增重最小,100 h氧化后形成的氧化膜主要由外层TiO2和内层Cr2O3构成。外层连续致密的TiO2抑制了保护性氧化膜Cr2O3的挥发,因此生成的Cr2O3氧化膜连续、致密、无剥落,对基体起保护作用。结论 HCPEB辐照后,GH80A合金的抗高温氧化性能明显提升,20次辐照样品的抗高温氧化性能最佳。     

氧化镧对TC4钛合金固体渗硼的影响

对固体渗硼剂(碳化硼+碳化硅)中添加氧化镧对钛合金渗硼层的表面形貌与相组成、渗层厚度、渗层硬度、渗层与基体的界面结合力以及渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明,固体渗硼剂中添加氧化镧(4.0%,质量分数)细化了渗层表面形貌组织;显著提高了渗层的厚度与表面硬度(增幅分别为50.7%和34.8%);提高了渗层与基体的界面结合力(增幅为37.25%);大幅提高了渗层在摩擦磨损过程中抗剥落性能以及渗层自身的抗裂性能。自身抗裂性能的提高与渗层中含有Ti金属物相从而提高渗层的韧性有关。添加氧化镧渗层与未添加氧化镧渗层相比,具有低的摩擦系数(0.12)且摩擦磨损表面无对摩件中Fe元素。     

2099铝锂合金挤压材料组织与抗腐蚀性能的各向异性研究

通过金相观察以及晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀实验等手段研究了2099铝锂合金挤压材料的组织、抗晶间腐蚀与抗剥落腐蚀性能的各向异性。结果表明:在2099铝锂合金挤压材料中与挤压方向垂直的面上,粗大不(难)溶第二相分布离散,晶粒组织方向性较低,晶间腐蚀深度大、密度低,剥落腐蚀坑离散分布;而在与挤压方向平行的面上,粗大不(难)溶第二相沿挤压方向排列,晶粒沿挤压方向呈带状分布,并在局部区域发生再结晶,晶间腐蚀深度浅、密度高,剥落腐蚀坑密度高。粗大不(难)溶第二相和晶粒分布的各向异性与其抗晶间和剥落腐蚀性能的各向异性是一致的。